During the Paris climate conference (COP21) in December 2015, over 190 countries agreed to limiting global warming to well below 2°C, and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1,5°C. There are many different ideas on how to achieve these goals, for example the Rapid and Net Zero scenarios per BP Energy Outlook 2020. In both the Rapid and the Net Zero scenario, most of the CO2 reduction is realized by increased efficiency and a change in the energy mix.
A substantial role is however also envisioned for CCUS (Carbon Capture, Usage, and Storage); by 2050 the annual storage of CO2 is expected to be 3,9 Gt in Rapid and 5,4 Gt in Net Zero according to the BP 2020 energy Outlook. To put this in perspective; 3,9 Gt of liquid CO2 equals a volume of ~ 65 MMBPD. As a result, the number of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) projects and the number of countries implementing CO2 trading schemes is expected to grow significantly over the next years. Accordingly, the number of research initiatives on CCS, for example the Norwegian NCCS research center, has increased significantly in recent years. With CCS, also the need for Custody Transfer and Fiscal metering arises. For instance, producers need to report the amount of CO2 that was captured, and storage facilities need to know what to invoice to their CO2 suppliers.
In this paper we investigate the regulatory requirements, technical challenges and Krohne Solutions in design fiscal and custody transfer metering system of CO2.