In the Asia Pacific, geothermal energy development is increasingly driven by emerging technologies aimed at expanding resource potential beyond conventional high-temperature fields. Innovations such as enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), supercritical geothermal extraction, closed-loop systems, and advanced drilling technologies are enabling access to deeper and more complex reservoirs.

Despite these advancements, significant technical challenges remain. These include drilling through extreme high-temperature/high-pressure formations, mitigating scaling and corrosion in aggressive fluid chemistries, managing induced seismicity, and improving reservoir characterisation to reduce exploration and development risks.

Beyond conventional electricity generation for grid supply, geothermal energy offers additional economic opportunities. Direct utilisation for heating, agriculture, and industrial processes—alongside mineral extraction from geothermal brines, monetisation through carbon credits, and the production of green hydrogen or green ammonia—presents promising avenues to enhance project viability and improve economies of scale.